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被侦查诱惑之犯罪刍议/欧锦雄

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-17 10:41:44  浏览:8575   来源:法律资料网
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被侦查诱惑之犯罪刍议
欧锦雄


内容提要:当前,我国确定存在诱惑侦查的事实,但是,被侦查诱惑之犯罪能否被定罪量刑呢?这是亟需解决的问题。文章阐述了被诱惑侦查之犯罪应当负刑事责任的刑法法理,并分析了诱惑侦查的合法性问题及其对被侦查诱惑之犯罪的刑事责任所产生的影响。最后,文章提出了若干刑事立法建议。
关键词:侦查、诱惑、犯罪、合法性、刑事责任 立法、

诱惑侦查,是侦查人员运用诱惑性手段诱使他人实施所诱惑之犯罪的一种侦查活动。诱惑侦查的产生可追溯到法国路易14统治时期,当时,法国统治者为了镇压资产阶级革命运动,以诱惑侦查手段捕捉革命党人,并处以刑罚。目前,日、美等国家在一定范围内有条件地承认了诱惑侦查的合法性。我国刑事法律对诱惑侦查并没有明文的规定,刑事法学界对这一问题也没有予以重视,更没有引起理论上的纷争。当前,我国刑事司法实践中确实存在着诱惑
侦查的事实,一些案件也起诉到了法院。但是,对于被侦查人员诱惑实施的犯罪(以下简称“被侦查诱惑之犯罪”)而言,法官能否对其定罪量刑呢?这是亟需予以研究的问题。经过钻研,笔者认为,从法理上说,被侦查诱惑之犯罪应当负刑事责任,但是,诱惑侦查合法与否对被侦查诱惑之犯罪的刑事责任会产生一定的影响。
一、被侦查诱惑之犯罪应当负刑事责任的刑法法理
在法律社会里,当人们具有意志自由时,人们在自由意志的支配下可能会选择实施对国家、对人民有益的行为,也可能会选择实施犯罪行为,还可能会选择不实施任何行为。正因为人们具有意志自由、具有自由选择自己行为的主观能动性,国家要求人们按照一定的社会标准和法律标准来选择和决定自己的行为,同时规定,行为人对自己基于意志自由所选择的行为应承担责任。当行为人基于意志自由选择了实施犯罪后,行为人对其所实施的犯罪行为就应当承担刑事责任。犯罪人基于意志自由实施犯罪,这是追究犯罪人刑事责任的哲学依据。当侦查机关运用诱惑性手段诱使被诱惑者实施犯罪时,被诱惑者认识到被诱惑实施的犯罪是国家禁止实施的行为,若实施了这种行为,就会被追究刑事责任。当时,被诱惑者是具有意志自由的,他有可能选择实施对国家和人民有益的行为,也有可能选择实施被诱惑之犯罪,同时,他还有可能选择不实施任何行为。在这一情况下,国家要求被诱惑者不论受到侦查诱惑与否,都应遵守刑法,不得选择实施刑法禁止的行为(即犯罪行为),否则,一旦被诱惑者选择实施被诱惑之犯罪,被诱惑者就应承担相应的刑事责任。可见,追究被侦查诱惑之犯罪的刑事责任,是具有哲学依据的。
社会危害性是犯罪的本质特征,它是指具有故意或过失的行为在客观上对国家和人民的利益实际造成或可能造成这样或那样的损害。它是主观恶性和客观危害的统一。其实,被侦查诱惑之犯罪同样体现了主观恶性和客观危害的统一。主观恶性集中体现在罪过这一概念上,罪过是两种(两个形式)罪过——故意与过失的类概念。(1)被侦查诱惑之犯罪是基于被诱惑者的故意而实施的,从认识因素上看,被诱惑者明知自己所实施的被诱惑之犯罪是刑法所禁止的,同时,也认识到若实施了该犯罪就造成危害社会的结果,从
意志因素看,被诱惑者希望或放任这种危害结果发生,显而易见,被侦查诱惑之犯罪具有主观恶性。被侦查诱惑之犯罪的客观危害也是明显的。所谓客观危害是指行为在客观上对国家和人民利益已实际造成或可能造成损害的事实特征,客观危害体现在危害行为、犯罪对象、犯罪客体、结果等因素上。在诱惑侦查的情况下,被侦查诱惑之犯罪是在侦查机关设下圈套布控进行的,在一般情况下,被诱惑者在犯罪现场即被抓获,因此,国家和人民利益一般不会受到实际损害,而是可能受到损害。但是,如果被诱惑者实施被侦查诱惑之犯罪得逞,并得以马上逃脱,就给国家和人民利益造成实际损害,例如,在诱惑诈骗犯罪中,若被诱惑者在犯罪现场拿到财物后马上逃脱,那么,该被侦查诱惑之犯罪给国家和人民利益造成了实际损害,反之,若侦查人员在布控圈套里将被诱惑者当场抓获,那么,该被侦查诱惑之犯罪应认为还未给国家和人民利益造成实际损害,而只是可能造成损害。无论被侦查诱惑之犯罪是造成了实际损害,或是可能造成损害,都表明这种行为具有客观危害。综上所述,被侦查诱惑之犯罪体现了主观恶性和客观危害的统一,具备了犯罪的本质特征——社会危害性。
被侦查诱惑之犯罪符合法定的犯罪构成。根据罪刑法定原则,我国新刑法典明文规定了犯罪的概念,以及各种犯罪的构成要件。因被侦查诱惑实施的犯罪,是刑法明文规定的犯罪,因而,被侦查诱惑之犯罪,符合法定的犯罪构成(包括基本的犯罪构成和修正的犯罪构成):它侵害了我国刑法所保护的法益,它具备了刑法规定的客观事实特征,它具备了法定的罪过形式——故意,行为人是达到法定刑事责任年龄,具有刑事责任能力的人。被侦查诱惑之犯罪符合法定的犯罪构成,说明其具有刑事违法性。
罪刑法定原则要求,“法律明文规定为犯罪行为的,依照法律定罪处刑”。被侦查诱惑之犯罪因符合法定的犯罪构成,因此,应依照法律对其定罪处刑。这体现了被侦查诱惑之犯罪具有应受刑罚惩罚性。
总而言之,被侦查诱惑之犯罪既符合犯罪的三个基本特征,也符合法定的犯罪构成,因而,依罪刑法定原则,被侦查诱惑之犯罪应负刑事责任。
二、诱惑侦查的合法性问题及其对被侦查诱惑之犯罪的刑事责任所产生的影响。
诱惑侦查是否合法的问题,属于刑事诉讼的程序性问题。程序合法与否,有时会影响到实体方面的定罪量刑。所以,探讨诱惑侦查是否合法及其对被侦查诱惑之犯罪的刑事责任所产生的影响是有必要的。
从刑事侦查实践看,贩毒、有组织犯罪、非法买卖武器、组织卖淫、赌博、行贿受贿等隐蔽性犯罪往往是行为人之间秘密进行的,由于无特定的被害人存在,一般人无法觉察其犯罪状况,侦查线索难以发现,运用一般侦查手段侦缉这类犯罪极其困难。为了更好地打击这类犯罪,防卫社会,因此,一些国家在一定范围内有条件承认诱惑侦查的合法性。在美国,判断诱惑侦查是否合法,是以被诱惑者在诱惑侦查之前是否已具有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意为标准。如果在诱惑侦查之前,被诱惑者没有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意,那么,该诱惑侦查是违法的,根据“陷井之法理”,被诱惑者所实施的行为不以犯罪论处。反之,如果在诱惑侦查之前,被诱惑者具有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意,那么,该诱惑侦查是合法的,被诱惑者对自己所实施的犯罪应承担刑事责任。(2)在日本,麻药法等法规以立法的形式确立了诱惑侦查在侦缉隐瞒性犯罪中的合法地位。(3)对于非法的诱惑侦查,日本法学界对被诱惑者往往主张采取宣告无罪、免诉、驳回公诉、排除违法收集证据等方式处理,使被诱惑者不被处以刑罚。(4)
我国刑事诉讼法对诱惑侦查是否合法并未有明确规定。我国刑事诉讼法第43条规定,严禁以引诱、欺骗等非法方法收集证据。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于执行〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的若干问题的解释(试行)》第58条也规定,凡经查证确实属于采取引诱、欺骗等非法方法取得的证人证言、被害人陈述,被告人供述,不能作为定案的根据。这两个规定所涉及的内容并非诱惑侦查的范畴。“诱惑侦查”与“以引诱、欺骗方法收集证据”是有区别的,前者是指被诱惑者在实施被诱惑之犯罪之前,侦查机关运用诱惑手段诱使被诱惑者实施被诱惑之犯罪,并据此侦缉被诱
惑者。而后者是指侦查机关对已发生的犯罪或怀疑已发生之犯罪进行侦查时采取引诱、欺骗方法收集证据。对于前者,若被诱惑者实施了被诱惑之犯罪,那么,侦查机关在审讯中不是以引诱、欺骗、威胁、严讯逼供等非法的方法取得的证据,也是可以作为定案根据的。笔者认为,为了打击贩毒、有组织犯罪等隐蔽性强、无特定被害人的犯罪,防卫社会。我国刑事诉讼法应借鉴美、日等国关于诱惑侦查合法性问题的规定,在一定范围内有条件地承认诱惑侦查的合法性,并予以明文规定(本文最后一部分有立法建议)。这样,当诱惑侦查合法时,被诱惑者应当对其实施的被侦查诱惑之犯罪负刑事责任,因为它体现了实体合法和程序合法的统一。但是,因被侦查诱惑之犯罪是在侦查机关诱惑下而实施的,与普通犯罪相比,被侦查诱惑之犯罪的社会危害性较小,因此,对这类犯罪定罪处刑时,应区别对待。
对于非法诱惑侦查而言,被诱惑者对被侦查诱惑之犯罪应否负刑事责任呢?
笔者认为,从刑法上看,无论诱惑侦查合法与否,在被诱惑者实施了被诱惑之罪后,被诱惑者的行为是符合法定犯罪构成的。刑法典所规定的各种犯罪,是国家禁止人们实施的行为,不管诱惑侦查存在与否,不管诱惑侦查违法与否,人们都应遵守刑法的禁止性规范。在非法诱惑侦查情况下,被诱惑者实施被侦查诱惑之犯罪同样符合相关犯罪的犯罪构成,因此,我们不能因为诱惑侦查违法而一概豁免被诱惑者的刑事责任,否则,将放纵罪犯,有失刑法公正,例如,侦查人员非法运用诱惑侦查手段诱使被诱惑人实施放火、杀人、抢劫、爆炸、绑架等严重犯罪,且被诱惑者的行为已得逞。在这一情况下,若因为诱惑侦查的违法性而豁免被诱惑者的刑事责任,将有失公允,不符合实体正义。(在这例子里,侦查人员当然应承担相应的责任)
但是,非法的诱惑侦查有违程序正义,这是不争的事实。实体正义和程序正义的和谐统一,是司法公正之所在,当实体正义和程序正义发生冲突,不能并重时,公平正义是合理的选择。一般而言,如果被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪是严重的,就应追究被诱惑者的刑事责任,这体现了侧重于实体的正义。如果被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪不严重而是一般的或较轻的犯罪,就不应追究被诱惑者的刑事责任,这体现了侧重于程序正义。这样,既不放纵严重的犯罪,又能在一定程序上维护程序正义。应当指出,如果被诱惑者明知是非法诱惑侦查,仍然乘机去实施被诱惑之犯罪的,就不应将其看成被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪,而应将其作为一般刑事犯罪来追究刑事责任。
必须指出,由于侦查人员是基于职权而实施诱惑侦查的,而且,其目的是为了惩罚犯罪,防卫社会,因此,不能认为侦查人员是被侦查诱惑之犯罪的教唆犯或从犯。他所实施的是公务行为,对于合法的诱惑侦查来说,只要没有过错,侦查人员不承担任何责任。但是,对于非法的诱惑侦查而言,非法运用诱惑侦查手段诱使他人犯罪的侦查人员应承担相应的行政责任或刑事责任。笔者认为,如果侦查人员在实施非法诱惑侦查过程中,在布控范围内抓获了被诱惑者,并未造成严重后果(例如,其他公民未受到无辜伤亡),那么,侦查人员应承担行政责任,受到行政处罚,但是,如果因非法诱惑侦查造成严重后果,达到犯罪程度的,就应追究侦查人员的刑事责任,根据新刑法典第397条规定,一般应以滥用职权罪定罪处刑。
三、立法建议
(一)刑事实体法的立法建议
被侦查诱惑之犯罪具备了犯罪的三个基本特征和法定的犯罪构成,因此,应追究其刑事责任,但是,由于这类犯罪是在侦查机关运用诱惑手段诱使实施的,因此,这类犯罪具有从轻、减轻或免除处罚的理由:
1、被诱惑者具有类从犯地位
从被诱惑者的犯意看,有的被诱惑者本无犯意,而是由于侦查人员的诱惑才产生犯意的,而有的被诱惑者虽然原来已具有犯意,但是,其犯意是在诱惑侦查下才得以加强的,从客观方面看,被诱惑者实施被诱惑之犯罪是在侦查人员诱惑下实施的,可见,侦查人员对被侦查诱惑之犯罪的产生起到了相当的作用,被诱惑者的行为并不是导致危害结果(有时,这类犯罪是有危害结果的)的唯一原因,因此,在许多情况下,被诱惑者的地位类似于共同犯罪中的从犯。
2、在许多情况下,被侦查诱惑之犯罪属于犯罪未遂的形态
被侦查诱惑之犯罪是在侦查机关布控下实施的,侦查机关在布控时往往都希望被侦查诱惑之犯罪不会给国家和人民利益造成实际的损失。在实践中,许多被诱惑者在实施被诱惑之罪时即被抓获,并没有使国家和人民利益遭受到实际损失,这时,被诱惑者的预期危害结果并未出现,这种情况实际上就是犯罪未遂。当然如果被诱惑者在实施被诱惑之罪时实际危害了国家和人民利益,出现了法定危害结果,就属于犯罪既遂了。
3、对于被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪而言,因其程序的非正义,这些犯罪应受到较轻的处理
侦查人员非法运用侦查诱惑手段诱使被诱惑者实施被诱惑之罪,其程序是非正义的。当程序正义和实体正义不能并重时,应选择公平正义,因此,若被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪是一般的犯罪或轻罪,司法机关应侧重程序正义,不宜对其处以刑罚处罚,若被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪为重罪,司法机关应侧重实体正义,对其予刑罚处罚,但是,由于其程序的非正义性,所以,宜从轻或减轻处罚。
4、消除或减轻被诱惑者的人身危险性并不一定要用较重的刑罚
在诱惑侦查之前,被诱惑者已具有了犯罪倾向或犯意,在诱惑侦查下,被诱惑者实施了被诱惑之罪,这说明被诱惑者具有人身危险性。在侦查诱惑之前,被诱惑者虽无犯罪倾向或犯意,但是,被诱惑侦查后产生了犯意或犯罪倾向,继而去实施被诱惑的犯罪,这同样说明了被诱惑者具有人身危险性,因此,惩罚被侦查诱惑之犯罪体现了社会防卫思想,其主旨是消除和减弱被诱惑者的人身危险性,以保卫社会。消除和减弱被诱惑者的人身危险性并不一定用较重的刑罚,对于原无犯意的被诱惑者,其人身危险性并不大,而原来具有犯意或犯罪倾向的人也是在侦查人员诱惑下才去实施犯罪,其人身危险性也因人而异,因此,对于被诱惑者,若从轻、减轻或免除处罚即可达到消除或减弱其人身危险性,就不必用轻重的刑罚。
综上所述,对被侦查诱惑之犯罪可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚。为了体现程序正义,对于一些被非法侦查诱惑之犯罪,还可以不以犯罪论处。为此,笔者建议在新刑法典总则第四章第一节“量刑”部分增加一条文,“对于被侦查诱惑而实施的犯罪,可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚。情况特殊的,不以犯罪论处。”这里所说的“情况特殊的”主要指在非法诱惑侦查下所实施的犯罪属于一般的犯罪或轻罪。
(二)刑事程序法的立法建议
诱惑侦查合法与否,是关系到程序是否正义的大问题。而程序正义与否,对诱惑者是否应承担刑事责任以及承担刑事责任的大小起到一定的作用。此外,程序正义与否,也关系到非法诱惑侦查的侦查人员的责任承担问题,所以,刑事程序法中应明确规定诱惑侦查是否合法。
我国刑事诉讼法对于诱惑侦查是否合法并没有明确的规定,以致引起司法界的困惑,这不利于侦查机关运用诱惑侦查手段对一些特定犯罪作斗争。为了更好地打击贩毒、有组织犯罪等隐蔽性强的、无特定被害人的犯罪,防卫社会,我国刑事诉讼法应规定诱惑侦查的合法性。但是,我们不能允许侦查机关滥用诱惑侦查,否则,就可能使公民的合法权益受到侵犯,导致人们对侦查机关和司法机关的敌视。因此,诱惑侦查应受到限制,合法的诱惑侦查宜规定在一定范围内。具体而言,我国刑事诉讼法在确立诱惑侦查制度时应在以下三个方面作出限制:
1、可以诱惑侦查的罪种应限定在一定范围内
新刑法典所规定的罪种共有412种之多,如果侦查机关对每一种犯罪都可采取诱惑侦查手段,就势必使广大公民惶惶不安,从而导致社会不稳定,同时,侦查机关权力过多,也会导致侦查、司法专横,从而不利于保护公民的合法权益。因此,可以诱惑侦查的罪种应限定在一定的范围内。对于隐蔽性强、无特定的被害人的犯罪而言,运用一般侦查手段侦缉这些犯罪极其困难,因此,对这些犯罪可以采取诱惑侦查手段予以侦缉。这些犯罪主要指:贩毒罪、非法买卖枪支、弹药罪、组织他人卖淫罪、行贿罪、受贿罪、赌博罪等。至于其具体范围,有待于进一步研究。
2、被诱惑者在实施被诱惑之犯罪以前已具有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意,才可以诱惑侦查
前文提到,在美国,判断诱惑侦查是否合法,是以被诱惑者在实施被诱惑之犯罪前,是否具有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意为标准。如果在实施被诱惑之犯罪之前,被诱惑者已具有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意,那么,侦查人员的诱惑侦查具有合法性,反之,如果在实施被诱惑之犯罪前,被诱惑者没有实施该犯罪的倾向或犯意,那么,侦查人员的诱惑侦查是违法的。(5)这一判断诱惑侦查是否合法的标准,可以防止侦查人员滥用诱惑侦查,具有一定的科学性,因此,值得我国立法借鉴。
3、诱惑侦查的运用应采取严格的申请审批制度
为了保障公民的合法权益,诱惑侦查手段的运用不能由侦查人员随意运用,为此,应采取以严格的申请审批制度。笔者认为,根据我国的现实情况,诱惑侦查应由侦查人员提出申请,由地市一级公安局审批,并应经地市一级公安局局长签字批准。诱惑侦查的申请审批制度可由公安部制定《诱惑侦查申请审批的程序》予以确定。

作者简介: 欧锦雄,男,1964年10月出生,广西玉林市人,广西政法管理干部学院教授,主要研究方向为刑法学。
注释:
(1)陈兴良《刑法哲学》,中国政法大学出版社,1992年1月第1版,第28页。
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LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROCEDURE OF THECONCLUSION OF TREATIES ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROCEDURE OF THECONCLUSION OF TREATIES

(Adopted at the 17th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 28, 1990, promulgated by
Order No. 37 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 28, 1990, and effective as of the same date)

Article 1
The present Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 2
This Law shall be applicable to bilateral or multilateral treaties and
agreements and other instruments of the nature of a treaty or agreement
concluded between the People's Republic of China and foreign states.
Article 3
The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the
People's Republic of China shall conclude treaties and agreements with
foreign states.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's
Republic of China shall decide on the ratification and abrogation of
treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.
The President of the People's Republic of China shall, in accordance with
decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,
ratify and abrogate treaties and important agreements concluded with
foreign states.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China shall,
under the leadership of the State Council, administer the specific affairs
concerning the conclusion of treaties and agreements with foreign states.
Article 4
The People's Republic of China shall conclude treaties and agreements with
other states in the name of:
(1) the People's Republic of China;
(2) the Government of the People's Republic of China;
(3) the governmental departments of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The decision to negotiate and sign treaties and agreements shall be made
according to the following procedures:
(1) in the case of a treaty or agreement to be negotiated and signed in
the name of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in conjunction
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation and draw
up a draft treaty or agreement of the Chinese side and submit it to the
State Council for examination and decision;
(2) in the case of a treaty or agreement to be negotiated and signed in
the name of the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council
shall make a recommendation and draw up a draft treaty or agreement of the
Chinese side and, after consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
submit it to the State Council for examination and decision. In the case
of an agreement concerning a specific line of business, its Chinese draft
shall, with the consent of the State Council, be examined and decided upon
by the department concerned under the State Council or when necessary in
consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
(3) agreements to be negotiated and signed in the name of a governmental
department of the People's Republic of China concerning matters within the
scope of functions and powers of the department concerned shall be decided
upon by the department itself or after consultation with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. In the case of an agreement relating to matters of major
importance or matters falling within the functions and powers of other
departments under the State Council, the department concerned shall submit
it by itself or after consultation with the other departments concerned
under the State Council, to the State Council for decision. The draft
agreement of the Chinese side shall be examined and decided upon by the
department concerned or when necessary in consultation with the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs.
When major modification in the Chinese draft of a treaty or agreement
already examined and decided upon by the State Council are necessary as a
result of negotiation, the revised draft shall be submitted to the State
Council for examination and decision.
Article 6
Representatives for negotiating and signing treaties or agreements shall
be appointed according to the following procedures:
(1) In the case of a treaty or agreement to be concluded in the name of
the People's Republic of China or the Government of the People's Republic
of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the department concerned
under the State Council shall submit a report to the State Council for the
appointment of a representative. The full powers of the representative
shall be signed by the Premier of the State Council, but may also be
signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
(2) In the case of an agreement to be concluded in the name of a
governmental department of the People's Republic of China, a
representative shall be appointed by the head of the department concerned.
The letter of authorization for the representative shall be signed by the
head of the department. Where the head of a department signs an agreement
concluded in the name of the governmental department, and where the
contracting parties agree that it is necessary for the head of the
department to produce full powers, the full powers shall be signed by the
Premier of the State Council, but may also be signed by the Minister of
Foreign Affairs.
The following persons shall dispense with full powers for negotiating and
signing treaties and agreements:
(1) the Premier of the State Council, the Minister of Foreign Affairs;
(2) the head of a diplomatic mission of the People's Republic of China who
negotiates and signs treaties and agreements concluded between China and
the state to which he is accredited, unless it is otherwise agreed by the
contracting parties;
(3) the head of a governmental department of the People's Republic of
China who negotiates and signs the agreements concluded in the name of his
department, unless it is otherwise agreed by the contracting parties;
(4) the person, dispatched to an international conference or accredited to
an international organization by the People's Republic of China, who is at
the same time the representative for negotiating treaties or agreements in
that conference or organization, unless it is otherwise agreed by the
conference or otherwise provided for in the constitution of the
organization.
Article 7
The ratification of treaties and important agreements shall be decided
upon by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
The treaties and important agreements referred to in the preceding
paragraph are as follows:
(1) treaties of friendship and cooperation, treaties of peace and similar
treaties of a political nature;
(2) treaties and agreements relating to territory and delimitation of
boundary lines;
(3) treaties and agreements relating to judicial assistance and
extradition;
(4) treaties and agreements which contain stipulations inconsistent with
the laws of the People's Republic of China;
(5) treaties and agreements which are subject to ratification as agreed by
the contracting parties; and
(6) other treaties and agreements subject to ratification.
After the signing of a treaty or an important agreement, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall submit it to the
State Council for examination and verification; the State Council shall
then refer it to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
for decision on ratification; the President of the People's Republic of
China shall ratify it in accordance with the decision of the Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress.
After the ratification of a bilateral treaty or an important bilateral
agreement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall execute the formalities
for the exchange of the instruments of ratification with the other
contracting party. After the ratification of a multilateral treaty or an
important multilateral agreement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall
execute the formalities for the deposit of the instrument of ratification
with the depositary state or international organization. The instrument of
ratification shall be signed by the President of the People's Republic of
China and countersigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 8
After the signing of the agreements and other instruments of the nature of
a treaty which do not fall under paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law and
which are subject to approval as prescribed by the State Council or as
agreed by the contracting parties, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the
departments concerned under the State Council in conjunction with the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall submit them to the State Council for
approval. After the approval of agreements and other instruments of the
nature of a treaty, in the case of a bilateral one, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs shall execute the formalities for the exchange of the
instruments of approval with the other contracting party or for mutual
notification of the approval by diplomatic notes. In the case of a
multilateral one, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall execute the
formalities for the deposit of the instrument of approval with the
depositary state or international organization concerned. The instrument
of approval shall be signed by the Premier of the State Council, but may
also be signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 9
After the signing of the agreements which need no decision on ratification
by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or approval by
the State Council, the agreements shall be submitted by the departments
concerned under the State Council to the State Council for the record,
except those agreements concluded in the name of the governmental
departments of the People's Republic of China which are to be submitted by
these departments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for registration.
Article 10
If the two contracting parties need to go through different domestic legal
procedures for the entry into force of the same treaty or agreement, the
said treaty or agreement shall enter into force after the accomplishment
by the two parties of their respective legal procedures and the mutual
notification by diplomatic notes.
After the signing of the treaties and agreements listed in the preceding
paragraph, the formalities of ratification, approval, entry on the record
or registration shall be executed as the case requires in accordance with
Articles 7, 8 or 9 of this Law. The formalities of notification by note
shall be completed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 11
The decision to accede to multilateral treaties or agreements shall be
made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or the
State Council as the case requires. The procedures for acceding to
multilateral treaties and agreements shall be as follows:
(1) to accede to a multilateral treaty or an important multilateral
agreement listed in Paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a
recommendation after examination and submit it to the State Council for
examination and verification; the State Council shall then refer it to the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for decision on
accession. The instrument of accession shall be signed by the Minister of
Foreign Affairs, and the specific formalities executed by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs;
(2) to accede to a multilateral treaty or agreement other than those
listed in Paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in conjunction
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation after
examination and submit it to the State Council for decision on accession.
The instrument of accession shall be signed by the Minister of Foreign
Affairs, and the specific formalities executed by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Article 12
The decision to accept a multilateral treaty or an agreement shall be made
by the State Council.
In the case of a multilateral treaty or agreement containing clauses of
acceptance which is signed by the Chinese representative or does not
require any signature, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the department
concerned under the State Council in conjunction with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation after examination and submit
it to the State Council for decision on acceptance. The instrument of
acceptance shall be signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the
specific formalities executed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 13
A bilateral treaty or agreement concluded by the People's Republic of
China with a foreign state shall be done in the Chinese language and the
official language of the other contracting party, both texts being equally
authentic. When necessary, a text in the language of a third state agreed
upon by the two contracting parties may be executed in addition as a
third, equally authentic, official text or an unofficial text for
reference. It may be stipulated by agreement of the two contracting
parties that the third text shall prevail in case of divergence of
interpretation of the treaty or agreement.
For agreements on specific lines of business and treaties and agreements
concluded with international organizations, a single language fairly
commonly used internationally may also be used by agreement of the two
contracting parties or in accordance with the provisions of the
constitutions of the international organizations concerned.
Article 14
Signed originals of bilateral treaties and agreements concluded in the
name of the People's Republic of China or the Government of the People's
Republic of China and copies of multilateral treaties and agreements
certified as true by the depositary states or international organizations
concerned shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Signed
originals of bilateral agreements concluded in the name of the
governmental departments of the People's Republic of China shall be
deposited with these departments.
Article 15
A treaty or an important agreement of which the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress has decided on ratification or accession shall
be published in the bulletin of the Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress. The measures for publishing other treaties and
agreements shall be made by the State Council.
Article 16
Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
be compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs into a collection of the
Treaties of the People's Republic of China.
Article 17
Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
United Nations Charter. Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's
Republic of China that require registration with other international
organizations shall be registered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or
the departments concerned under the State Council in accordance with the
respective constitutions of the international organizations.
Article 18
The procedures for the conclusion of a treaty or an agreement with an
international organization by the People's Republic of China shall follow
this Law and the constitution of the relevant international organization.
Article 19
The procedures for amendment to, abrogation of and withdrawal from
treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
follow mutatis mutandis the procedures for the conclusion of the treaties
and agreements in question.
Article 20
The State Council may make regulations in accordance with this Law for its
implementation.
Article 21
This Law shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation.


Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

青海省名牌产品评价管理办法(试行)

青海省质量技术监督局


青海省名牌产品评价管理办法(试行)



         青海省质量技术监督局
第一章 总 则
第一条 为推进名牌战略的实施,规范青海省名牌产品的评价管理,引导和支持企业创名牌,指导和督促企业提高质量水平,增强我省产品的市场竞争力,根据《中华人民共和国产品质量法》、国务院颁布的《质量振兴纲要》、国家质检总局发布的《中国名牌产品管理办法》,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称青海省名牌产品是指实物质量达到国内同类产品先进水平,在省内同类产品中处于领先地位,市场占有率和知名度居行业前列,用户满意程度高,具有较强市场竞争力的产品。
第三条 青海省名牌产品评价工作建立以市场评价为基础,以社会中介机构为主体,以政府积极推动、引导、监督为保证,以用户满意为宗旨的总体推进机制。
第四条 青海省名牌产品评价工作坚持企业自愿申请,科学、公正、公开,不向企业收费的原则。

第二章 组织管理
第五条 青海省名牌战略推进委员会下设的名牌产品推进工作办公室负责中国名牌的推荐及青海省名牌的申报、评价等工作。
青海省名牌产品推进工作办公室根据工作需要,聘请有关方面的专家组成若干专业委员会,各专业委员会在青海省名牌产品推进工作办公室的组织下,根据产品类别分别提出青海省名牌产品评价细则,进行具体评价工作。评价结束后,各专业委员会自动解散。
第六条 各地质量技术监督部门协助做好本区域名牌产品的申报和推荐工作,并组织实施对青海省名牌产品的监督管理。

第三章 申请条件
第七条 申请青海省名牌产品,应具备下列条件:
(一)符合国家有关法律法规和产业政策的规定;
(二)产品质量在同类产品中处于省内领先地位,并达到国内先进水平;市场占有率、品牌知名度居省内同类产品前列;
(三)年销售额、利税、工业成本费用利润率、总资产贡献率居省内同行业前列;
(四)企业建立标准体系,产品按照标准组织生产。优先考虑采用国际标准和国外先进标准的产品;
(五)企业具有适宜的计量检测体系和计量保证能力;
(六)企业质量管理体系健全有效,并通过ISO9000质量认证,未出现重大质量责任事故,近三年产品质量监督抽查连续合格;
(七)企业具有先进可靠的生产技术条件和技术装备,技术创新、产品开发能力居行业前列;
(八)企业具有完善的售后服务体系,顾客满意度高。
第八条 凡有下列情况之一者,不能申请青海省名牌产品称号。
(一)使用国外注册商标的;
(二)列人生产许可证、强制性产品认证、出口质量许可证及计量器具制造许可证等管理范围的产品而未获证的;
(三)在近三年内有被省级以上质量监督抽查判为不合格经历的和出口产品因质量不合格遭到国外索赔的;
(四)近三年内发生质量、安全事故,或者有重大质量投诉经查证属实的;
(五)有其它严重违反法律法规行为的。

第四章 评价指标及评价程序
第九条,建立以市场评价、质量评价、效益评价和发展评价为主要内容的评价指标体系。
市场评价主要评价申报产品的市场占有水平、用户满意评价和出口创汇水平;质量评价主要评价申报产品的实物质量水平和申报企业的质量保证能力;效益评价主要对申报企业实现利税、工业成本费用利润水平和总资产贡献水平等方面进行评价;发展评价主要评价申报企业的技术开发水平和企业规模水平。
第十条 由青海省名牌产品推进工作办公室负责不同产品评价细则的制定、综合评价中评分标准的确定、不同评价指标权数的分配、不能直接量化的评价方法、评价中复杂因素的简化,以及综合评价结果的确定等。
第十一条 青海省名牌产品评价工作每二年进行一次。
第十二条 企业在自愿的基础上如实填写《青海省名牌产品申请表》(另行制定),提供有关证明材料,并按规定日期报省名牌产品推进工作办公室。
第十三条 青海省名牌产品推进工作办公室组织有关部门和社会团体对各地推荐的申报材料进行初审,确定初审名单,并将初审名单及其申请材料分送相应的专业委员会。
第十四条 各专业委员会按照评价细则(另行规定)对申请产品进行综合评价,形成评价报告,并据此提出各专业的青海省名牌产品建议名单,青海省名牌产品推进工作办公室将各专业委员会提出的建议名单汇总分析后提交青海省名牌战略推进委员会审议确定初选名单。
第十五条 青海省名牌战略推进委员会将初选名单通过新闻媒体向社会公示并在15日内征求社会意见。
第十六条 经广泛征求意见确定的名单再次提交青海省名牌战略推进委员会全体会议审议确定并公布。
第十七条 以青海省人民政府名义授予“青海省名牌产品”称号,颁发青海省名牌产品证书及匾牌。

第五章 监督管理
第十八条 青海省名牌产品证书的有效期为三年。在有效期内,企业可以在获得青海省名牌产品称号的产品及其包装、说明书、广告宣传中使用统一规定的青海省名牌产品标志,并注明有效期限。
第十九条 青海省名牌产品在有效期内,免于省内各级政府部门的质量监督抽查,并列入打击假冒、保护名优活动的范围。对符合有关条件的产品优先申报中国名牌产品、中国免检产品等。
第二十条 对已获得青海省名牌产品称号的产品,如产品质量发生较大波动,消费者反映强烈,企业发生重大质量事故,企业的质量保证体系运行出现重大问题等,由青海省名牌产品推进工作办公室提出意见,报青海省名牌产品推进委员会批准撤销该产品的青海省名牌产品称号并向社会公告。
第二十一条 青海省名牌产品标志是质量标志。青海省名牌产品标志只能使用在获得青海省名牌产品称号的产品上,不得扩大使用范围;未获得青海省名牌产品称号的产品,不得冒用青海省名牌产品标志;被撤销青海省名牌产品称号的产品、超过有效期未重新申请或重新申请未获通过的产品,不得继续使用青海省名牌产品标志。禁止转让、伪造青海省名牌产品标志,违者按《中华人民共和国产品质量法》冒用质量标志的规定进行处理。
第二十二条 参与青海省名牌产品评价工作的有关机构和人员,要保守企业的商业和技术秘密,公正廉洁,严格按有关规定、程序进行评价。凡因滥用职权、玩忽职守、徇私舞弊,未构成犯罪的,取消评价工作资格,由其所在的工作单位给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十三条 申请企业及有关机构所提供的数据应当真实,严禁弄虚作假。对于采取不正当行为获得青海省名牌产品称号者,将予以取消,并进行通报,三年内不再受理该企业的名牌产品申请。

第六章附 则
第二十四条 除按本办法规定的名牌产品评价工作外,其他单位、组织和个人不得进行名牌产品的相关评价、评比活动。
第二十五条 本办法自发布之日起施行。



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